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| 1513 |
| | | James IV of Scotland dies at Flodden, in the disastrous defeat of his army by the English | |
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| 1515 |
| | | The king of France, Francis I, wins a dramatic victory at Marignano and captures Milan | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The French king, Francis I, is taken prisoner by the Spanish at the battle of Pavia | |
|  | Near-contemporary painting of the battle
Royal Armouries
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| 1526 |
| | | In a battle at Panipat Babur defeats the sultan of Delhi, launching the Mughal empire in India | |
|  | Elephant armour of a type probably worn at Panipat
Royal Armouries
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| 1526 |
| | | The Hungarian king, Louis II, is killed in battle at Mohacs, where the Turks win a crushing victory | |
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| 1527 |
| | | Victory at Khanua, over a Hindu confederation of Rajput rulers, brings Babur a tenuous control over most of northwest India | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Zwingli is killed at Kappel in a battle between Protestant and Catholic cantons | |
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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Galleys are rowed into battle for the last time at Lepanto, ending a fighting career of some 2500 years | |
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| 1571 |
| | | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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